✅父子线程之间怎么共享/传递数据？

典型回答

当我们在同一个线程中，想要共享变量的话，是可以直接使用ThreadLocal的，但是如果在父子线程之间，共享变量，ThreadLocal就不行了。

如以下代码，会抛出NPE：

public static ThreadLocal<Integer> sharedData = new ThreadLocal<>();


public static void main(String[] args) {
    sharedData.set(0);
    MyThread thread = new MyThread();
    thread.start();
    sharedData.set(sharedData.get() + 1);
    System.out.println("sharedData in main thread: " + sharedData.get());

}

static class MyThread extends Thread {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("sharedData in child thread: " + sharedData.get());
        sharedData.set(sharedData.get() + 1);
        System.out.println("sharedData in child thread after increment: " + sharedData.get());
    }
}

输出结果：

sharedData in child thread: null
sharedData in main thread: 1
Exception in thread "Thread-0" java.lang.NullPointerException
    at com.hollis.java.bagu$MyThread.run(JavaBaguThreadLocalTest.java:30)

因为ThreadLocal 变量是为每个线程提供了独立的副本，因此不同线程之间只能访问它们自己的副本。

那么，想要实现数据共享，主要有两个办法，第一个是自己传递，第二个是借助InheritableThreadLocal

自己传递

我们可以在子线程中创建一个成员变量，这样在主线程创建子线程的时候，可以给成员变量赋值，这样实现数据共享。

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class SharedDataExample {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> sharedData = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, String>();
      MyThread thread = new MyThread(sharedData);
      thread.start();
      sharedData.put("key", "value");
      System.out.println("sharedData in main thread: " + sharedData.get("key"));
   }
}

class MyThread extends Thread {
   ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> sharedData;
   public MyThread(ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> data) {
      this.sharedData = data;
   }
   public void run() {
      sharedData.put("key", "new value");
      System.out.println("sharedData in child thread: " + sharedData.get("key"));
   }
}

但是一定要考虑线程安全的问题。

输出结果：

sharedData in child thread: new value
sharedData in main thread: new value

这里注意一下，有可能得到的结果是

sharedData in main thread:  value
sharedData in child thread: new value

因为如果主线程先执行完，那么就是这个结果。

InheritableThreadLocal

与 ThreadLocal 不同，InheritableThreadLocal 可以在子线程中继承父线程中的值。在创建子线程时，子线程将复制父线程中的 InheritableThreadLocal 变量。

我们把开头的示例中ThreadLocal改成InheritableThreadLocal就可以了：

    public static InheritableThreadLocal<Integer> sharedData = new InheritableThreadLocal<>();


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        sharedData.set(0);
        MyThread thread = new MyThread();
        thread.start();
        sharedData.set(sharedData.get() + 1);
        System.out.println("sharedData in main thread: " + sharedData.get());

    }

    static class MyThread extends Thread {

        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("sharedData in child thread: " + sharedData.get());
            sharedData.set(sharedData.get() + 1);
            System.out.println("sharedData in child thread after increment: " + sharedData.get());
        }
    }

输出结果：

sharedData in child thread: 0
sharedData in main thread: 1
sharedData in child thread after increment: 1

扩展知识

InheritableThreadLocal的原理

当我们通过Thread的构造方法创建线程的时候，会调用到java.lang.Thread#init方法，这个方法中针对InheritableThreadLocal有一些特殊的处理：

if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
            this.inheritableThreadLocals =
                ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);

意思就是检查父线程中是否有inheritableThreadLocals，如果有，就把他复制到子线程的inheritableThreadLocals中！

原文: https://www.yuque.com/hollis666/xkm7k3/adgan2125uzrsbte